Characters.get('e', 0) tells python to look for The crucial element 'e' in the dictionary. If it isn't really identified it returns 0. Because this is the first time 'e' is handed throughout the loop, the character 'e' just isn't found in the dictionary but, Hence the get process returns 0. https://jaredeekra.blogchaat.com/36536905/not-known-details-about-buy-tinctures-usa